South Africa’s drive to become a major supplier of lithium for the global clean energy transition is facing growing resistance from farmers and rural communities who say expanding mining projects are threatening farmland, livelihoods and the environment.
The dispute is centred on the country’s southeast coast, where a lithium mine is already operating and more than a dozen prospecting licences have been issued since 2023.
According to South Africa’s Department of Mineral Resources and Energy, the licences cover about 73,000 hectares of land, much of it productive farmland and parts of the coastline.
Community groups say the proposed mining expansion could affect 117 farms and put about 30,000 jobs in farming, agricultural services and tourism at risk.
The South Coast Guardians Association, which is leading opposition to the projects, argues that large-scale open-pit mining would permanently alter one of the country’s most productive sugar-growing regions.
The conflict highlights the growing tension between the global push for clean energy and the environmental cost of extracting the critical minerals needed to produce electric vehicle batteries and energy storage systems.
Meanwhile, South Africa’s President Cyril Ramaphosa has identified critical minerals as a key pillar of the country’s economic growth strategy. Earlier this year, he told parliament that South Africa possesses critical mineral resources worth an estimated $2.39 trillion, describing the sector as a future engine for job creation and industrial development.
For residents living near existing lithium operations, however, the expansion has already brought significant disruption. Farmers say blasting from nearby mines has damaged homes, generated dust and reduced the quality of farmland. Several families have relocated, while others fear they will eventually be forced to leave land that has been cultivated for generations.
Mining company SA Lithium rejected claims that its operations are harming the environment. The company said it has relocated affected households voluntarily, created more than 1,000 jobs and implemented measures to prevent contaminated water from entering nearby rivers. It also argued that modern mining can coexist with agriculture if environmental safeguards are properly enforced.
Environmental groups remain unconvinced, warning that expanding mining activity could permanently degrade soil quality, reduce agricultural productivity and contaminate water resources. They argue that while lithium is essential for the transition away from fossil fuels, the extraction process should not come at the expense of rural communities and food production.
The dispute reflects a broader global challenge as countries race to secure supplies of critical minerals. While demand for lithium continues to surge, governments are increasingly being forced to balance economic opportunities with environmental protection and the rights of communities living in resource-rich regions.
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Emmanuel Abara Benson is a business journalist and editor covering artificial intelligence, global markets, and emerging technology.
He has previously worked with Business Insider Africa and Nairametrics, reporting on finance, startups, and innovation.
His work focuses on AI, digital economy, and global tech trends.
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