Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi Awarded 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Stockholm, October 6, 2025 — The Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute has awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance — a fundamental mechanism that prevents the immune system from attacking the body’s own cells.
The laureates’ pioneering research has transformed our understanding of immune regulation and autoimmune diseases.
- Shimon Sakaguchi first identified regulatory T cells (Tregs), a class of immune cells essential for maintaining immune balance.
- Mary E. Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell further uncovered key genetic and molecular pathways that enable these cells to function, illuminating how the immune system suppresses harmful self-reactivity.
Their discoveries have paved the way for new therapies targeting autoimmune disorders such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, and have broad implications for transplant medicine and cancer immunotherapy.
“The work of Brunkow, Ramsdell, and Sakaguchi has reshaped immunology and opened new frontiers for precision medicine,” the Nobel Assembly noted in its announcement.
The award underscores the enduring importance of fundamental research in understanding how the body maintains health — and what happens when those checks fail.
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